This example uses the error handling mechanisms from the previous Error Handling section to demonstrate dynamic scoping. Most compiled languages use lexical scoping, which means that a variable is defined only where it is visibly declared, either as an external global, file global, or local variable. Gamma uses dynamic scoping, meaning that a variable is defined in any function which defines it, and in any function which the defining function subsequently calls. This powerful mechanism allows the programmer to override global variables by defining them in a higher scope, and then calling a function which believes itself to be using a global variable.

One useful side-effect of dynamic scoping is that functions and variables do not have to be declared before they are used in other functions. The function or variable only has to be declared when the other function is actually run.

The code for the example is shown below.

#!/usr/cogent/bin/gamma

/*
 * Create a function which has an error in it.
 * The symbol zero is not defined.
 */

function sign (x)
{
    if (x < zero)
        princ ("Negative\n");
    else
        princ ("Positive\n");
}

/*
 * Create a function which checks the sign of a number,
 * but ensures that an error will not terminate the program.
 */

function checkit (x)
{
    try
    {
        sign (x);
    }
    catch
    {
        princ ("Oops: ", _last_error_, "\n");
    }
}

/*
 * Create a function which locally declares the variable 'zero', and
 * then calls the checkit function.  Since 'zero' is a local variable,
 * the local value will override the current global definition, which
 * is undefined.
 */

function zero_check (x)
{
    local zero = 0;
    checkit (x);
}

/*
 * Create a function which sets zero to -10, and calls the checkit
 * function.
 */

function minus_ten_check (x)
{
    local zero = -10;
    checkit (x);
}

/*
 * Attempt to call the checkit function with zero not defined.
 */

princ ("With 'zero' undefined...\n");
checkit (-5);

/*
 * Now let zero be defined and try again.
 */

princ ("\nWith 'zero' locally defined to 0...\n");
zero_check (-5);

/*
 * Now run with zero defined as -10
 */

princ ("\nWith 'zero' locally defined to -10...\n");
minus_ten_check (-5);

/*
 * Finally, try running checkit again from the global scope.  Note that
 * zero is undefined once again.
 */

princ ("\nOnce again from the global scope...\n");
checkit (-5);